Surfing was first introduced to Australia over a century ago and has since evolved into both a cultural phenomenon and a booming industry. Research from the Australian National University (ANU) estimates that surfing contributes at least A$3 billion ($2 billion; £1.5 billion) annually to the country’s economy. However, the study warns that surf breaks—where waves begin to break—are under threat and require stronger legal safeguards.
“Due to climate change, coastal erosion, and competition for coastal spaces, the factors that create quality waves are often at risk,” explained Dr. Ana Manero, an expert in water economics and governance at the ANU’s Crawford School of Public Policy. “I don’t believe the lack of protection is intentional; surf breaks are simply overlooked by policymakers.”
The report, published in Marine Policy, identifies global warming and poor water quality as the main concerns for surfers. While some surf breaks, such as those in New South Wales and Bells Beach in Victoria, are protected, researchers advocate for broader protection.
Dr. Manero highlighted the importance of preserving lesser-known surf spots: “The waves that don’t receive international attention but still hold value for everyday people are the ones we should focus on protecting,” she said.
An earlier ANU study revealed that changes to a sandbar in Mundaka, Spain, caused waves to disappear after nearby dredging. Similarly, in Perth, the expansion of a marina led to the loss of three surf breaks in 2022, prompting the proposal of an artificial reef.
Australia could find solutions in examples from other regions. In Peru, a law known as La Ley de Rompientes protects surf breaks, while in New Zealand, legislation and complementary policies safeguard surf spots at national, regional, and local levels, based on their significance to the surfing community.
The ANU study, using data from the Australian Sports Commission, estimates that Australia has over 720,000 adult surfers who spend an average of A$3,700 annually. This figure likely underestimates the total economic impact, as it excludes children, international tourists, and professional surfing revenue.
Matt Grainger, owner of Manly Surf School in Sydney, reflected on the steady growth of the surfing economy: “It’s a vibrant economy with cafes, restaurants, surf shops, and accommodation. I’ve been in business for 30 years, and we aim for steady growth without overcrowding the ocean.”
Mika Flower, a surf instructor, added that surfing offers a unique lifestyle: “I’ve surfed all my life, and it’s so fun. Teaching allows me to share that joy, and working on the beach beats being in an office.”
For surfers, the pursuit of the perfect wave is about connecting with nature, and protecting this gift is essential.
